<nettime> The Dawn of Everything (very short review)

[Felix Stalder <felix@openflows.com>]

So, I finished reading "The Dawn of Everything", the new book by David 
Graeber and David Wengrow. In many ways, it's the perfect book for our 
dark historical moment. It's all about historical possibilities, yet not 
in the future, but in the past. Thus, an escape and an inspiration. 
It's an amazing read, so full of detail that's impossible to summarize. 
You really should read it yourself.
I'll just focus on the structure here. The book aims to deconstruct the 
dominant linear narratives of human culture, in which the "agricultural 
revolution" (which wasn't revolution) and the emergence of cities (which 
were frequently used only for seasonal gatherings) inexorably lead to 
inequality, domination, and "the state". There are two conventional 
versions of this story: the loss of freedom/equality (Rousseau, Hariri, 
etc) or the gain of civilization (Hobbes, Diamond, etc). Graeber and 
Wengrow argue, in dizzying archeological and anthropological detail, 
that both are wrong and severely curtail our imagination of social 
potential. Their baseline assumption is that humans since the neolithic 
are our cognitive equals. No more, but also no less intelligent than we 
are, hence also no less capable of making decisions their own lives, 
individually and collectively. So, no more treatment of foragers as 
semi-apes living in small bands, unable to overcome by supposed 
constants like Dunbar's 150 people threshold (after which social 
stratification sets in).
And decisions they made. The historical record reveals a "carnival 
parade" of social forms, most of which do not fit the linear accounts. 
Thus, non-modern societies have something to teach us, because they have 
solved many of the problems we are grappling with. And, indeed, 
historically they have. E.g. they make a strong case that the 
enlightenment notion of personal freedom was first formulated by the 
indigenous critique of European culture, by people like the Wendat 
leader Kandiaronk. To structure the historical diversity of social 
forms, they develop the notion of three sources of freedom: the capacity 
to move away (and be received somewhere else), the capacity to refuse to 
obey commands, and the capacity to collectively remake social relations. 
At the same time, there are three sources of domination: violence 
(sovereignty), knowledge (bureaucracy), and charisma (competitive 
politics). It's easy to be reminded of Max Weber's definition of forms 
of legitimate power (traditional, charismatic, rational) here, but 
Graeber/Wengrow's notion is much more flexible because these sources are 
not mutually exclusive, but rather they can be layered in top of own 
another.
While the three freedoms are related (take away one and the others will 
start to crumble), the sources of domination are not. Often, only one of 
them played an important role, while others were absent. Sometimes two 
were co-present and only in the modern state, all three come together. 
And, this is their political point, they don't need to stay together in 
the future.
While the book is great, it has a glaring hole in it. What is almost 
entirely missing is the discussion of how this "carnival parade" of 
social forms structured the relation to the environment, or, more 
generally, how they were embedded in, and impacted on, the metabolic 
system. While for much of the historical period they cover, this might 
not have been too much of a concern, it is clearly one for us now and if 
we are to remake our social relations, then this will be a key dimension 
to transform. But it would probably be too much to ask from one single 
book, already long enough, to cover everything, even with this title.


--
| |||||||||||||||||| http://felix.openflows.com |
| Open PGP | http://felix.openflows.com/pgp.txt |
#  distributed via <nettime>: no commercial use without permission
#  <nettime>  is a moderated mailing list for net criticism,
#  collaborative text filtering and cultural politics of the nets
#  more info: http://mx.kein.org/mailman/listinfo/nettime-l
#  archive: http://www.nettime.org contact: nettime@kein.org
#  @nettime_bot tweets mail w/ sender unless #ANON is in Subject: